A Robust SVD-based Watermarking Algorithm using Orthogonal Vectors and Optimal Scaling Factor for Solving False-Positive Problem and Sensitivity Issue

Abstract

Singular value decomposition (SVD)-based watermarking scheme is a popular technique proposed as a copyright protection method for digital data. However, false-positive problem (FPP) is a vulnerability of SVD-based watermarking scheme that an adversary can exploit to claim the data’s ownership of the rightful owner. This research proposed a hybrid SVD-based image watermarking scheme along with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm that is able to solve FPP and achieve the desired balance between imperceptibility and robustness.