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    A State of the Art Review on High Water Mark Determination

    245998_245998.pdf (785.5Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Liu, Xin
    Xia, Jianhong (Cecilia)
    Wright, Graeme
    Arnold, L.
    Date
    2014
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Liu, X. and Xia, J. and Wright, G. and Arnold, L. 2014. A State of the Art Review on High Water Mark Determination. Ocean & Coastal Management. 102: pp. 178-190.
    Source Title
    Ocean & Coastal Management
    DOI
    10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.027
    ISSN
    0964-5691
    School
    Department of Construction Management
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/14771
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The High Water Mark (HWM) is an important cadastral boundary that separates land and water. It is also used as a baseline to facilitate coastal hazard management from which land and infrastructure development is offset to ensure the protection of property from storm surge and sea level rise. The determination of the HWM has a long history. Its definition, the mean and even the corresponding determination methods have changed through time. In addition, the location of the HWM is difficult to define accurately due to the ambulatory nature of water and coastal morphology variations. To better understand the HWM determination, this paper reviews the development of the definition of HWM, including ordinary high water mark (OHWM), mean high water mark (MHWM), mean high water spring (MHWS) and mean higher high water (MHHW), and the existing HWM indicators, such as vegetation line and beach morphological features. Two common methods of HWM determination, field survey and remote sensing, are discussed in this paper. This is followed by the investigation of the possible factors that influence the variation of the HWM position. Furthermore, an overview of the ambulatory nature of both water and coastal morphology, which contributes to the difficulties in HWM determination, is provided. Finally, the limitations of previous determination methods and future direction in HWM determination studies are also discussed. This study concludes that it is necessary to develop a robust analytical system to identify, evaluate and integrate various factors into the process of determining the HWM.

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