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    Performance, evaluation, and enhancement of red sand for road bases, embankments, and seawall fills

    151569_Jitsangiam full.pdf (7.034Mb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Jitsangiam, Peerapong
    Date
    2007
    Supervisor
    Dr. Hamid Nikraz
    Type
    Thesis
    Award
    PhD
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Faculty
    Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Department of Civil Engineering
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1733
    Collection
    • Curtin Theses
    Abstract

    Australia produces approximately 40% of the world’s bauxite and over 30% of the world’s alumina. Each year, about 25 million tonnes of bauxite residue is produced in Australia, requiring storage and maintenance. The construction and operation of such large impoundment areas is costly. During the extraction of alumina from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, a fine residue is produced called Red Mud. In West Australia, Darling Range bauxite deposits contain high levels of quartz which result in a coarse residue fraction also being produced. This fraction has been termed Red Sand with a typical particle size in excess of 90 microns. Typically, red mud and red sand are produced in almost equal quantity. Processing of red sand can neutralise the residual caustic and lower the salt content as required. Magnetic separation is also possible to produce a high silica fraction having low iron oxide content. The sustainable use of coarse bauxite residues for road construction is an attractive option with a high potential for large volume reuse.This study focuses on whether red sand is a viable option for use as a road base, embankment fills and as seawall fills in Western Australia. Red sand comes from bauxite ore, a product of intense tropical weathering. Hence, there are various physical properties resulting from the weathering process. Thus it is necessary to fully understand the characterisation of red sand with respect to its engineering properties in the initial part of this research. To satisfy minimum requirements of road bases, a soil stabilisation technique (a Pozzolanic- Stabilised Mixture, PSM) was used. The intent of this stabilisation technique was to use Western Australia’s by-products as stabilising materials. A Pozzolanic - Stabilised Mixture consisting of Class F fly ash (a by-product from a coal power station) and activators (the byproduct from the quicklime manufacturing in terms of lime kiln dust) were employed to develop pozzolanic activity. Once the appropriate mixture of red sand, fly ash, and activators was established (based on a maximum dry density and a value of unconfined compressive strength), a set of laboratory tests were performed which included a triaxial compressive strength test, a resilient modulus test, and a permanent deformation test.Comparisons were made between the stabilised red sand and the conventional road base material in Western Australia (crushed rock added with 2% General Purpose (GP) Portland Cement named Hydrated Cemented Treated Crushed Rock Base, HCTCRB). As for the use of red sand for embankments, the representative stabilised red sand (from red sand for road bases) was used to be an alternative fill embankment material. A testing program to evaluate the important properties of stabilised red sand for embankments including permeability, compressibility and strength was undertaken. The permeability, compressibility, and strength of the representative type of red sand were examined to assess the suitability of red sand as seawall fill. The application of red sand and stabilised red sand on three structures (road bases, embankments and seawalls) is also discussed.

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    • Evaluation of a stabilized sand residue for use as roadway materials
      Jitsangiam, Peerapong; Nikraz, Hamid; Siripun, K. (2009)
      Australia produces approximately 40% of the world’s bauxite and over 30% of the world’s alumina. Each year, about 25 million tons of sand residues are produced in Australia. The management and containment of large impoundment ...
    • Evaluation of Sustainable use of a Residue Sand as a Highway Embankment Material
      Nikraz, Hamid; Jitsangiam, Peerapong (2009)
      The coarse fractions of the bauxite residue or the residue sand left over from the alumina production process are currently generated in Western Australia. The construction and operation of such large impoundment areas ...
    • Production and utilisation of Bayer Process Red Sand™ for construction and its beneficiation by magnetic separation
      Jones, Alan (2012)
      The extraction of alumina from bauxite produces a high volume by-product which is stored in secure impoundments. In Western Australia, typically half of the by-product has a particle size in excess of 90 microns and is ...
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