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    Evolution of Linked Avirulence Effectors in Leptosphaeria maculans Is Affected by Genomic Environment and Exposure to Resistance Genes in Host Plants

    199586_199586.pdf (577.0Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Van de Wouw, A.
    Cozijnsen, A.
    Hane, J.
    Brunner, P.
    McDonald, B.
    Oliver, Richard
    Howlett, B.
    Date
    2010
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Van de Wouw, A. and Cozijnsen, A. and Hane, J. and Brunner, P. and McDonald, B. and Oliver, R. and Howlett, B. 2010. Evolution of Linked Avirulence Effectors in Leptosphaeria maculans Is Affected by Genomic Environment and Exposure to Resistance Genes in Host Plants. Plos Pathogens. 6 (11): Article ID e1001180.
    Source Title
    Plos Pathogens
    DOI
    10.1371/journal.ppat.1001180
    ISSN
    1553-7366
    School
    Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens, Curtin University
    Remarks

    ©2010 Van de Wouw et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/17601
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Brassica napus (canola) cultivars and isolates of the blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans interact in a ‘gene for gene’ manner whereby plant resistance (R) genes are complementary to pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes. Avirulence genes encode proteins that belong to a class of pathogen molecules known as effectors, which includes small secreted proteins that play a role in disease. In Australia in 2003 canola cultivars with the Rlm1 resistance gene suffered a breakdown of disease resistance, resulting in severe yield losses. This was associated with a large increase in the frequency of virulence alleles of the complementary avirulence gene, AvrLm1, in fungal populations. Surprisingly, the frequency of virulence alleles of AvrLm6 (complementary to Rlm6) also increased dramatically, even though the cultivars did not contain Rlm6. In the L. maculans genome, AvrLm1 and AvrLm6 are linked along with five other genes in a region interspersed with transposable elements that have been degenerated by Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) mutations. Analyses of 295 Australian isolates showed deletions, RIP mutations and/or non-RIP derived amino acid substitutions in the predicted proteins encoded by these seven genes. The degree of RIP mutations within single copy sequences in this region was proportional to their proximity to the degenerated transposable elements. The RIP alleles were monophyletic and were present only in isolates collected after resistance conferred by Rlm1 broke down, whereas deletion alleles belonged to several polyphyletic lineages and were present before and after the resistance breakdown. Thus, genomic environment and exposure to resistance genes in B. napus has affected the evolution of these linked avirulence genes in L. maculans.

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