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    Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse

    Access Status
    Fulltext not available
    Authors
    Orlando, L.
    Ginolhac, A.
    Zhang, G.
    Froese, D.
    Albrechtsen, A.
    Stiller, M.
    Schubert, M.
    Cappellini, E.
    Petersen, B.
    Moltke, I.
    Johnson, P.
    Fumagalli, M.
    Vilstrup, J.
    Raghavan, M.
    Korneliussen, T.
    Malaspinas, A.
    Vogt, J.
    Szklarczyk, D.
    Kelstrup, C.
    Vinther, J.
    Dolocan, A.
    Stenderup, J.
    Velazquez, A.
    Cahill, J.
    Rasmussen, M.
    Wang, X.
    Min, J.
    Zazula, G.
    Seguin-Orlando, A.
    Mortensen, C.
    Magnussen, K.
    Thompson, J.
    Weinstock, J.
    Gregersen, K.
    Roed, K.
    Eisenmann, V.
    Rubin, C.
    Miller, D.
    Antczak, D.
    Bertelsen, M.
    Brunak, S.
    Al-Rasheid, K.
    Ryder, O.
    Andersson, L.
    Mundy, J.
    Krogh, A.
    Gilbert, Thomas
    Kjær, K.
    Sicheritz-Ponten, T.
    Jensen, L.
    Olsen, J.
    Hofreiter, M.
    Nielsen, R.
    Shapiro, B.
    Wang, Jun
    Willerslev, E.
    Date
    2013
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Orlando, L. and Ginolhac, A. and Zhang, G. and Froese, D. and Albrechtsen, A. and Stiller, M. and Schubert, M. et al. 2013. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse. Nature. 499: pp. 74-78.
    Source Title
    Nature
    Additional URLs
    http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v499/n7456/full/nature12323.html
    ISSN
    0028-0836
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/21771
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The rich fossil record of equids has made them a model for evolutionary processes1. Here we present a 1.12-times coverage draft genome from a horse bone recovered from permafrost dated to approximately 560–780 thousand years before present (kyr bp)2, 3. Our data represent the oldest full genome sequence determined so far by almost an order of magnitude. For comparison, we sequenced the genome of a Late Pleistocene horse (43?kyr bp), and modern genomes of five domestic horse breeds (Equus ferus caballus), a Przewalski’s horse (E. f. przewalskii) and a donkey (E. asinus). Our analyses suggest that the Equus lineage giving rise to all contemporary horses, zebras and donkeys originated 4.0–4.5?million years before present (Myr bp), twice the conventionally accepted time to the most recent common ancestor of the genus Equus4, 5. We also find that horse population size fluctuated multiple times over the past 2?Myr, particularly during periods of severe climatic changes. We estimate that the Przewalski’s and domestic horse populations diverged 38–72?kyr bp, and find no evidence of recent admixture between the domestic horse breeds and the Przewalski’s horse investigated. This supports the contention that Przewalski’s horses represent the last surviving wild horse population6. We find similar levels of genetic variation among Przewalski’s and domestic populations, indicating that the former are genetically viable and worthy of conservation efforts. We also find evidence for continuous selection on the immune system and olfaction throughout horse evolution. Finally, we identify 29 genomic regions among horse breeds that deviate from neutrality and show low levels of genetic variation compared to the Przewalski’s horse. Such regions could correspond to loci selected early during domestication.

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