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    Mechanistic Study on the Formation of Cl-/Br-/I-Trihalomethanes during Chlorination/Chloramination Combined with a Theoretical Cytotoxicity Evaluation

    Access Status
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    Authors
    Allard, Sebastian
    Tan, J.
    Joll, C.
    Von Gunten, U.
    Date
    2015
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Allard, S. and Tan, J. and Joll, C. and Von Gunten, U. 2015. Mechanistic Study on the Formation of Cl-/Br-/I-Trihalomethanes during Chlorination/Chloramination Combined with a Theoretical Cytotoxicity Evaluation. Environmental Science and Technology. 49 (18): pp. 11105-11114.
    Source Title
    Environmental Science and Technology
    DOI
    10.1021/acs.est.5b02624
    ISSN
    0013-936X
    School
    Curtin Water Quality Research Centre
    Remarks

    This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC LP100100285)

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28026
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Chlorination followed by chloramination can be used to mitigate the formation of potentially toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) while controlling the formation of regulated chloro-bromo-DBPs (Cl-/Br-DBPs). Water samples containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates were subjected to 3 disinfection scenarios: NH2Cl, prechlorination followed by ammonia addition, and HOCl alone. A theoretical cytotoxicity evaluation was carried out based on the trihalomethanes (THMs) formed. This study demonstrates that the presence of bromide not only enhances the yield and rate of iodate formation, it also increases the formation of brominated I-THM precursors. A shift in the speciation from CHCl2I to the more toxic CHBr2I, as well as increased iodine incorporation in THMs, was observed in the presence of bromide. For low bromide concentrations, a decrease in I-THM formation and theoretical cytotoxicity was achieved only for high prechlorination times, while for high bromide concentrations, a short prechlorination time enabled the full conversion of iodide to iodate. For low DOM concentrations or DOM with low reactivity, Br-/I-THMs were preferentially formed for short prechlorination times, inducing high cytotoxicity. However, for high chlorine exposures, the cytotoxicity induced by the formation of regulated THMs might outweigh the benefit of I-THM mitigation. For high DOM concentrations or DOM with higher reactivity, mixed I-THMs were formed together with high concentrations of regulated THMs. In this case, based on the cytotoxicity of the THMs formed, the use of NH2Cl is recommended.

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