The Natural History of Scoliosis in Females with Rett Syndrome

Abstract

STUDY DESIGN.: Population-based longitudinal observational study. OBJECTIVES.: To describe the prevalence of scoliosis in Rett syndrome, structural characteristics and progression, taking into account the influences of age, genotype and ambulatory status. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Scoliosis is the most common orthopaedic comorbidity in Rett syndrome yet very little is known about its natural history and influencing factors such as age, genotype and ambulatory status. METHODS.: The infrastructure of the Australian Rett Syndrome Database was used to identify all cases with confirmed Rett syndrome in Australia and collect data on genotype and walking status. We identified radiological records and described the Cobb angle of each curve. Time to event analysis was used to estimate the median age of onset of scoliosis and the log rank test to compare by mutation type. Latent class group analysis was used to identify groups for the trajectory of walking status over time and a multilevel linear model used to assess trajectories of scoliosis development by mutation type and walking status. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of developing a scoliosis with a Cobb angle >60° at 16 years in relation to Cobb angle and walking status at 10 years of age. RESULTS.: The median age of scoliosis onset was 11 years with earliest onset in those with a p.Arg255 mutation or large deletion. Scoliosis was progressive for all mutation types except for those with the p.Arg306Cys mutation. Scoliosis progression was reduced when there was capacity to walk independently or with assistance. Cobb angle and walking ability at age 10 can be reliably used to identify those who will develop a very severe scoliosis by age 16. CONCLUSIONS.: These data on prognosis of scoliosis inform clinical decision-making about the likelihood of progression to very severe scoliosis and the need for surgical management.