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    Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon

    189032_189033.pdf (419.9Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Linge, Kathryn
    Blair, Palenque
    Busetti, Francesco
    Rodriguez, C
    Heitz, Anna
    Date
    2012
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Linge, Kathryn L. and Blair, Palenque and Busetti, Francesco and Rodriguez, Clemencia and Heitz, Anna. 2012. Chemicals in reverse osmosis-treated wastewater: occurrence, health risk and contribution to residual dissolved organic carbon. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA. 61 (8): pp. 494-505.
    Source Title
    Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA
    DOI
    10.2166/aqua.2012.047
    ISSN
    00037214
    Remarks

    ©IWA Publishing 2012. The definitive peer-reviewed and edited version of this article is published in Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA. Vol 61 No 8 pp 494–505 2012. doi:10.2166/aqua.2012.047, and is available at www.iwapublishing.com.

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/34814
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The quality and safety of reverse osmosis (RO)-treated secondary wastewater, for indirect The quality and safety of reverse osmosis (RO)-treated secondary wastewater, for indirect potable re-use, was assessed using a dataset of 375 chemicals measured in RO-treated wastewater. A screening health risk assessment indicated that four N-nitrosamines were of potential concern, although median concentrations of these chemicals were always below health values. The most frequently detected chemicals in RO-treated water were disinfection by-products, volatile organic compounds, metals and complexing agents, in contrast to many monitoring programs that focus on pharmaceuticals, personal care products and hormones. Frequent detections in RO-treated wastewater were most related to high concentrations in secondary wastewater, relative to limit of reporting, and the potential for chemicals to form or be added during the treatment process, rather than poor rejection by RO membranes. Between 3.7 and 10.7 µg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in RO permeate could be attributed from chemicals detected on at least one occasion, with the majority of this total attributed to chemicals detected in less than 25% of samples. While chemicals below detection may contribute a significant component of DOC, it is likely that natural organic matter and soluble microbial products still contribute the majority of DOC to RO permeate. A high degree of safety is demonstrated for the use of RO-treated wastewater as an indirect source of potable water.

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