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    Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments

    Access Status
    Fulltext not available
    Authors
    Česen, M.
    Kosjek, T.
    Busetti, Francesco
    Kompare, B.
    Heath, E.
    Date
    2016
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Česen, M. and Kosjek, T. and Busetti, F. and Kompare, B. and Heath, E. 2016. Human metabolites and transformation products cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23 (11): pp. 11209-11223.
    Source Title
    Environ Sci Pollut Res
    DOI
    10.1007/s11356-016-6321-1
    School
    Curtin Water Quality Research Centre
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37427
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L−1 for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent samples of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L−1 were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent samples concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs.

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