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    Influence of individual and combined health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality in men and women: The United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey

    Access Status
    Open access via publisher
    Authors
    Kvaavik, E.
    Batty, G.
    Ursin, G.
    Huxley, Rachel
    Gale, C.
    Date
    2010
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Kvaavik, E. and Batty, G. and Ursin, G. and Huxley, R. and Gale, C. 2010. Influence of individual and combined health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality in men and women: The United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey. Archives of Internal Medicine. 170 (8): pp. 711-718.
    Source Title
    Archives of Internal Medicine
    DOI
    10.1001/archinternmed.2010.76
    ISSN
    0003-9926
    School
    School of Public Health
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/47067
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Background: Physical activity, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption have been shown to be related to mortality. We examined prospectively the individual and combined influence of these risk factors on total and cause-specific mortality. Methods: The prospective cohort study included 4886 individuals at least 18 years old from a United Kingdom-wide population in 1984 to 1985. A health behavior score was calculated, allocating 1 point for each poor behavior: smoking; fruits and vegetables consumedless than 3 times daily; less than 2 hours physical activity per week; and weekly consumption of more than 14 units of alcohol (in women) and more than 21 units (in men) (range of points, 0-4). We examined the relationship between health behaviors and mortality using Cox models and compared it with the mortality risk associated with aging. Results: During a mean follow-up period of 20 years, 1080 participants died, 431 from cardiovascular diseases, 318 from cancer, and 331 from other causes. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total mortality associated with 1, 2, 3, and 4 poor health behaviors compared with those with none were 1.85 (95% CI, 1.28-2.68), 2.23 (95% CI, 1.55-3.20), 2.76 (95% CI, 1.91-3.99), and 3.49 (95% CI, 2.31-5.26), respectively (P value for trend, <.001). The effect of combined health behaviors was strongest for other deaths and weakest for cancer mortality. Those with 4 compared with those with no poor health behaviors had an all-cause mortality risk equivalent to being 12 years older. Conclusion: The combined effect of poor health behaviors on mortality was substantial, indicating that modest, but sustained, improvements to diet and lifestyle could have significant public health benefits. ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

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