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    Organic chloramines in drinking water: An assessment of formation, stability, reactivity and risk

    238930_238930.pdf (775.9Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    How, Zuo Tong
    Linge, Kathryn
    Busetti, Francesco
    Joll, Cynthia
    Date
    2016
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    How, Z. and Linge, K. and Busetti, F. and Joll, C. 2016. Organic chloramines in drinking water: An assessment of formation, stability, reactivity and risk. Water Research. 93: pp. 65-73.
    Source Title
    Water Research
    DOI
    10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.006
    ISSN
    0043-1354
    School
    Curtin Water Quality Research Centre
    Funding and Sponsorship
    http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/LP130100602
    Remarks

    © IWA Publishing 2016. The definitive peer-reviewed and edited version of this article is published in Water Research, 93: 65-73, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.006 and is available at www.iwapublishing.com.

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/47232
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Although organic chloramines are known to form during the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine, little information is currently available on their occurrence or toxicity. In a recent in vitro study, some organic chloramines (e.g. N-chloroglycine) were found to be cytotoxic and genotoxic even at micromolar concentrations. In this paper, the formation and stability of 21 different organic chloramines, from chlorination of simple amines and amino acids, were studied, and the competition between 20 amino acids during chlorination was also investigated. For comparison, chlorination of two amides was also conducted. The formation and degradation of selected organic chloramines were measured using either direct UV spectroscopic or colorimetric detection. Although cysteine, methionine and tryptophan were the most reactive amino acids towards chlorination, they did not form organic chloramines at the chlorine to precursor molar ratios that were tested. Only 6 out of the 21 organic chloramines formed had a half-life of more than 3 h, although this group included all organic chloramines formed from amines. A health risk assessment relating stability and reactivity data from this study to toxicity and precursor abundance data from the literature indicated that only N-chloroglycine is likely to be of concern due to its stability, toxicity and abundance in water. However, given the stability of organic chloramines formed from amines, more information about the toxicity and precursor abundance for these chloramines is desirable.

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