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    Severity of killer whale behavioral responses to ship noise: A dose–response study

    Access Status
    Open access via publisher
    Authors
    Williams, R.
    Erbe, Christine
    Ashe, E.
    Beerman, A.
    Smith, Jodi
    Date
    2014
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Williams, R. and Erbe, C. and Ashe, E. and Beerman, A. and Smith, J. 2014. Severity of killer whale behavioral responses to ship noise: A dose–response study. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 79 (1-2): pp. 254-260.
    Source Title
    Marine Pollution Bulletin
    DOI
    10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.004
    ISSN
    0025-326X
    School
    Centre for Marine Science and Technology
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/4811
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Critical habitats of at-risk populations of northeast Pacific ‘‘resident’’ killer whales can be heavily trafficked by large ships, with transits occurring on average once every hour in busy shipping lanes. We modeled behavioral responses of killer whales to ship transits during 35 ‘‘natural experiments’’ as a dose–response function of estimated received noise levels in both broadband and audiogram-weighted terms. Interpreting effects is contingent on a subjective and seemingly arbitrary decision about severity threshold indicating a response. Subtle responses were observed around broadband received levels of130 dB re 1 µPa (rms); more severe responses are hypothesized to occur at received levels beyond 150 dB re 1 µPa, where our study lacked data. Avoidance responses are expected to carry minor energetic costs in terms of increased energy expenditure, but future research must assess the potential for reduced prey acquisition, and potential population consequences, under these noise levels.

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