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    The Facial Evolution: Looking Backward and Moving Forward

    Access Status
    Fulltext not available
    Authors
    Baynam, G.
    Walters, M.
    Claes, P.
    Kung, S.
    LeSouef, P.
    Dawkins, Hugh
    Gillett, D.
    Goldblatt, J.
    Date
    2013
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Baynam, Gareth and Walters, Mark and Claes, Peter and Kung, Stefanie and LeSouef, Peter and Dawkins, Hugh and Gillett, David et al. 2013. The Facial Evolution: Looking Backward and Moving Forward. Human Mutation 34 (1): pp. 14-22.
    Source Title
    Human Mutation
    DOI
    10.1002/humu.22219
    ISSN
    1059-7794
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/48349
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Three-dimensional (3D) facial analysis is ideal for high-resolution, nonionizing, noninvasive objective, high-throughput phenotypic, and phenomic studies. It is a natural complement to (epi)genetic technologies to facilitate advances in the understanding of rare and common diseases. The face is uniquely reflective of the primordial tissues, and there is evidence supporting the application of 3D facial analysis to the investigation of variation and disease including studies showing that the face can reflect systemic health, provides diagnostic clues to disorders, and that facial variation reflects biological pathways. In addition, facial variation has been related to evolutionary factors. The purpose of this review is to look backward to suggest that knowledge of human evolution supports, and may instruct, the application and interpretation of studies of facial morphology for documentation of human variation and investigation of its relationships with health and disease. Furthermore, in the context of advances of deep phenotyping and data integration, to look forward to suggest approaches to scalable implementation of facial analysis, and to suggest avenues for future research and clinical application of this technology.

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