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    Relative density correlations are not reliable criteria

    194354_100302_77560.pdf (401.8Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Hamidi, Babak
    Varaksin, S.
    Nikraz, Hamid
    Date
    2013
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Citation
    Hamidi, Babak and Varaksin, Serge and Nikraz, Hamid. 2013. Relative density correlations are not reliable criteria. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Ground Improvement. 166 (4): pp. 196-208.
    Source Title
    Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Ground Improvement
    DOI
    10.1680/grim.11.00016
    ISSN
    1755-0750
    Remarks

    Permission is granted by ICE Publishing to print one copy for personal use. Any other use of these PDF files is subject to reprint fees.

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/7436
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The concept of relative density was developed with the intention of appropriately defining looseness and denseness of sand or sand–gravel soils in a meaningful way; however, there are sufficient amounts of research and case studies to demonstrate the unreliability of this concept due to its large inherent errors. Nevertheless, this parameter found its way early on as a ground improvement acceptance criterion based on the same philosophy that led to its formation. As there was general agreement among engineers that, in any case, direct testing of relative density in actual deep ground improvement projects was difficult, time consuming and costly, direct methods of relative density measurement were abandoned in favour of correlation to other field tests. At first glance, this may have seemed to work out quite well as the conceptual unreliability of relative density did not come into play, but a deeper look could reveal that the proposed correlations are also as unreliable as the concept itself. This paper will discuss the reasons why relative density correlations should not be used as ground improvement acceptance criteria, and alternative reliable criteria will be proposed.

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