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    Adaptations at the shoulder of the throwing athlete and implications for the clinician

    Access Status
    Fulltext not available
    Authors
    Whiteley, R.
    Oceguera, M.
    Valencia, E.
    Mitchell, Tim
    Date
    2012
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Whiteley, Rod and Oceguera, Marc V. and Valencia, Erwin Benedict and Mitchell, Tim. 2012. Adaptations at the shoulder of the throwing athlete and implications for the clinician. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery. 13 (1): pp. 36-44.
    Source Title
    Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery
    DOI
    10.1097/BTE.0b013e31823fe84f
    ISSN
    1523-9896
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28029
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The shoulders of those involved in repeated forceful overhead throwing undergo a range of neural, muscular, and skeletal adaptations. Knowledge of these normal adaptations may be helpful for the understanding of the prevention and treatment of injury in these athletes. This paper summarizes the current literature regarding these adaptations, and their relation to performance and pathology are presented along with relevant clinical implications. Throwing athletes show alterations in the strength ratio of their internal rotation (IR) compared with external rotation such that IR is enhanced and external rotation remains unchanged (in comparison with their nonthrowing arm). Typical scapular postural changes are seen (often IR and anterior tilting of the scapula) in the throwing arm; the humeral cortical and trabecular bones are thickened and there is often greater humeral retrotorsion. Torsional changes are, however, variable. Throwers have a higher incidence of injury to their suprascapular nerve, which may help explain their relative external rotational weakness. There is some evidence that the posterior inferior capsule is thickened in throwing athletes.

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