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    Formation of n-nitrosamines in drinking water sources: Case studies from Western Australia

    Access Status
    Fulltext not available
    Authors
    Linge, Kathryn
    Kristiana, I.
    Liew, D.
    Nottle, C.
    Heitz, A.
    Joll, C.
    Date
    2017
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Linge, K. and Kristiana, I. and Liew, D. and Nottle, C. and Heitz, A. and Joll, C. 2017. Formation of n-nitrosamines in drinking water sources: Case studies from Western Australia. American Water Works Association Journal. 109 (6): pp. E184-E196.
    Source Title
    American Water Works Association Journal
    DOI
    10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0036
    ISSN
    0003-150X
    School
    Department of Chemistry
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54027
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    This study investigated the formation of eight N-nitrosamines after laboratory chlorination and chloramination of Western Australian source waters (from protected catchments), which experience periodic cyanobacterial blooms. All measured N-nitrosamines, except N-nitrosodipropylamine, were detected at least once, and total N-nitrosamine formation was higher after chloramination than after chlorination. While previous studies have shown that some cyanobacteria can be related to the formation of N-nitrosamines, formation of N-nitrosamines in the waters tested did not correlate with total cyanobacteria count. Estimates of toxicity, using published 50% lifetime excess cancer risk values, indicated that N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the highest contributor to the total measured N-nitrosamine toxicity, suggesting that other measuredN-nitrosamines will only influence toxicity when they arepresent at significantly higher concentrations than NDMA.When assessing the overall health impact of disinfectionby-products, it is important to also consider the formationof disinfection by-products other than N-nitrosamines,which may be present at higher concentrations and thus maypresent higher toxicity.

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