Small increments in vitamin D intake by Irish adults over a decade show that strategic initiatives to fortify the food supply are needed
Access Status
Authors
Date
2015Type
Metadata
Show full item recordCitation
Source Title
ISSN
School
Collection
Abstract
© 2015 American Society for Nutrition. Background: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. Objective: Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. Methods: We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology. Results: There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) µg/d ( mean ± SD, 4.3±4.0 to 5.0±6.4 µg). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) µg/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) µg/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) µg/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) µg/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Conclusions: We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits.
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
Gallagher, C.; Black, Lucinda; Oddy, W. (2014)Objective: Low micronutrient intakes in adolescents are frequently reported. We assessed micronutrient intakes in adolescents to determine whether supplement use optimises intakes. Methods: Dietary intake was assessed ...
-
Black, Lucinda; Walton, J.; Flynn, A.; Kiely, M. (2013)To describe vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers and the contribution from supplements and fortified foods in addition to the base diet. Analysis of 7 d weighed food records collected during the Children's and ...
-
Kiely, M.; Black, Lucinda (2012)The importance of vitamin D intake to nutritional status is a corollary of sunshine deficit. There is a dose-response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations to total vitamin D intake in persons who do not ...