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    Evaluation of the Removal of PVDF Using ToF-SIMS: Comparing Dihydrolevoglucosenone and Pyrolysis as Pretreatments for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

    97185.pdf (3.736Mb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Henderson, Marc Simon
    Salces, Aliza Marie
    Rickard, William DA
    Fougerouse, Denis
    Medina, Álvaro José Rodríguez
    Oraby, Elsayed A
    Beh, Jane
    Rudolph, Martin
    Vanderbruggen, Anna
    Eksteen, Jacques
    Date
    2025
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Henderson, M.S. and Salces, A.M. and Rickard, W.D.A. and Fougerouse, D. and Medina, Á.J.R. and Oraby, E.A. and Beh, J. et al. 2025. Evaluation of the Removal of PVDF Using ToF-SIMS: Comparing Dihydrolevoglucosenone and Pyrolysis as Pretreatments for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Recycling. 10 (2): pp. 56-56.
    Source Title
    Recycling
    DOI
    10.3390/recycling10020056
    ISSN
    2313-4321
    Faculty
    Faculty of Science and Engineering
    School
    WASM: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering
    Funding and Sponsorship
    http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/LE190100053
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/97421
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    Effective and environmentally benign removal of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binders from spent battery electrodes remains a critical hurdle in sustainable recycling, primarily due to issues related to the mitigation of fluorinated compound emissions. This work evaluates PVDF binder removal from cathode active material using either a green solvent-based dissolution process or pyrolysis, analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The solvent pretreatment involved mixing dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™) with PVDF-coated NMC811 at 100 °C, followed by hot filtration to separate the Cyrene-PVDF solution. Pyrolysis was conducted at 800 °C under an argon atmosphere. Positive ToF-SIMS spectra for Cyrene showed characteristic peaks at ketene (42 m/z) and 1,3-dioxole (86 m/z), along with intense C2H3O+, C3H3O+, C4H7+, and C3H5O+ peaks. The characteristic peaks used to identify PVDF were C3H2F5+ (133 m/z), C3H2F3+ (95 m/z), and C3HF4+ (113 m/z). Both processes resulted in PVDF removal, with pyrolysis demonstrating higher effectiveness. Particle agglomeration was observed in both pretreated NMC811 samples, however agglomeration was more pronounced with Cyrene pretreatment due to PVDF redeposition. Following pyrolysis, PVDF was transformed into a defluorinated carbonaceous material.

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