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    Array-Aided Multifrequency GNSS Ionospheric Sensing: Estimability and Precision Analysis

    241501_241501.pdf (491.2Kb)
    Access Status
    Open access
    Authors
    Khodabandeh, A.
    Teunissen, Peter
    Date
    2016
    Type
    Journal Article
    
    Metadata
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    Citation
    Khodabandeh, A. and Teunissen, P. 2016. Array-Aided Multifrequency GNSS Ionospheric Sensing: Estimability and Precision Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 54 (10): pp. 5895-5913.
    Source Title
    IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
    DOI
    10.1109/TGRS.2016.2574809
    ISSN
    0196-2892
    School
    Department of Spatial Sciences
    Remarks

    Copyright © 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must beobtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing thismaterial for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale orredistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in otherworks.

    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/9939
    Collection
    • Curtin Research Publications
    Abstract

    The dual-frequency Global Positioning System has proven to be an effective means of measuring the Earth's ionosphere and its total electron content (TEC). With the advent of multifrequency signals from more Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), the opportunity arises to construct many more ionosphere-sensing combinations of GNSS data. With such diversity, various estimable ionospheric delays with differing interpretations (and of different precision) can be formed. How such estimable ionospheric delays should be interpreted, and the extent to which they contribute to the precision with which the unbiased TEC can be estimated, are the topics of this paper. Based on multifrequency GNSS code-only, phase-only, and phase-and-code data, we derive the closed-form solutions of different types of ionospheric observables that each can serve as input of an externally provided ionospheric model for TEC determination. Within such a general least-squares framework, we generalize the widely used phase-to-code levelling technique to its multifrequency version. We also show that only certain specific linear combinations of the observables contribute to the TEC solutions. As a further improvement of the multifrequency GNSS-derived TEC solution, we propose and study the usage of an array of GNSS antennas. Analytical solutions, supported by numerical examples, of this array-based concept are presented, together with a discussion on its relevance for TEC determination. This concerns the roles of time averaging and time differencing, of integer ambiguity resolution, and of the number of frequencies and number of array antennas in determining TEC.

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